WHY WERE ATHENS AND SPARTA RIVAL STATES?

The Greeks defeating the Persians at the battle of Salamis

Athens was a rich and cultured state. Among its citizens were astronomers, mathematicians, thinkers, writers and artists. Although this was a society with slaves, the rulers had vision, and its government was the first real democracy.

Athens had the best navy in Greece while Sparta had the best army. Sparta's economy, like that of Athens, was based on slave workers but there was no democracy. Sport was encouraged, and girls as well as boys were expected to be fit and athletic. Sparta was run like an army camp, in which everyone was expected to obey. Boys as young as seven were taken from home and trained to be soldiers.

FACT FILE

Broken pieces of pottery were used for letter-writing in the Greek world. Clay fragments are still found today, with business notes written on them.

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WHY DID CAVE PAINTERS PAINT?

Many thousands of years ago people painted pictures of bulls, horses and antelopes on the walls of their caves. We will never be sure why they actually did this- perhaps it was to make magic and bring people luck in their hunting. Another theory was that it may have been part of their religion. Cave artists used natural paints which were made from coloured earth and plant extracts. These paints have often been hidden from view for thousands of years. Viewed by the flickering light of burning torches, as they would have been when first painted, the animals almost seem to come to life. FACT FILE Woolly mammoths were found painted on the walls of caves. As well as being an important source of meat, woolly mammoths provided skins for clothing and shelter. Their tusks were also carved into tools and ornaments.

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